Much progress on API
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@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ normal conversational discussion in an easily manageable form. Had Toulmin
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advanced this and this only, I think he might have been taken more seriously; and
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advanced this and this only, I think he might have been taken more seriously; and
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I think there is merit in the current revival of interest in it.
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I think there is merit in the current revival of interest in it.
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### The Schema
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### The Toulmin Schema
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Toulmin's concern is with arguments as they are presented informally, in
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Toulmin's concern is with arguments as they are presented informally, in
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conversation or writing, and the relation between the form of such
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conversation or writing, and the relation between the form of such
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# Bialowieza
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# Bialowieza
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{not yet written. To cover development of the Clojure Wildwood library, and the thinking and design which develops as I do it}
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{ this chapter is in active development }
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## Why Bialowieza?
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## Why Bialowieza?
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@ -8,13 +8,15 @@ Bialowieza is the second iteration of the Wildwood engine, and this following co
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## Motivation
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## Motivation
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## Major components of Bialowieza
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The current motivation for restarting work on Wildwood is to provide non-player characters in a game world with sufficient intelligence that they can enter into meaningful unscripted conversations about objects and events in that world.
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## Major components of Bialowieza
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### Knowledge Accessors
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### Knowledge Accessors
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The `wildwood.knowledge-accessor/Accessor` protocol defines a bidirectional transducer which can fetch data from whatever storage representation the calling application uses into the representation defined by `wildwood.schema`.
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The `wildwood.knowledge-accessor/Accessor` protocol defines a bidirectional transducer which can fetch data from whatever storage representation the calling application uses into the representation defined by `wildwood.schema`.
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### Advocates
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### Advocates
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The `wildwood.advocate/Advocate` protocol describes an agent which can take part in decision processes.
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The `wildwood.advocate/Advocate` protocol describes an agent which can take part in decision processes.
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@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ The engine is implemented by the namespace `wildwood.bialowieza`.
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Advocates are entitled to use whatever inference processes they like, but they have access to `wildwood.dengine`, which is an implementation of the DTree engine described in the chapter on [Arboretum](Arboretum.html) adapted to propositions as defined in `wildwood.schema`.
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Advocates are entitled to use whatever inference processes they like, but they have access to `wildwood.dengine`, which is an implementation of the DTree engine described in the chapter on [Arboretum](Arboretum.html) adapted to propositions as defined in `wildwood.schema`.
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## How shall we represent a proposition?
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### Propositions
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{ **TODO** read, and follow references from, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/propositions/ }
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{ **TODO** read, and follow references from, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/propositions/ }
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@ -40,24 +42,45 @@ with possibly a lot of other qualifying material.
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So we shall say that a proposition will be represented as a Clojure map with at least the keys:
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So we shall say that a proposition will be represented as a Clojure map with at least the keys:
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* :verb
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* `:verb` - what is asserted
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* :subject
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* `:subject` - of whom (or what)
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* :object
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* `:object` - to whom (or what)
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Thus
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{:verb :killed :subject :brutus :object :caesar}
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is a proposition which asserts that Brutus killed Caesar.
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There may be many other privileged keys, such as
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There may be many other privileged keys, such as
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* :location - where did it happen
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* `:location` - where did it happen? value might be something from which proximity may be derived;
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* :time - when did it happen
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* `:time` - when did it happen? This needs to be a value with a canonical order, such as a number;
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* `:truth` - is it true? if present and value `false`, negates the proposition;
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* `:confidence` - how sure am I? A value, perhaps, in the range -1 to 1, although conventionally if less than 1 we probably set the `:truth` value to false;
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* `:data` - an argument structure...!
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* `:authority` - id of agent from whom, or rule from which, I know this;
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and so on. The exact set of privileged keys is probably actually a matter for particular advocates rather than for the engine itself, although if the advocates in the game don't broadly share the same set of privileged keys then it won't workvery well.
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and so on. The exact set of privileged keys is probably actually a matter for particular advocates rather than for the engine itself, although if the advocates in the game don't broadly share the same set of privileged keys then it won't work very well.
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## Proposition minimisation
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*However...*
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The attentive reader will note that some of the proposed privileged keys map closely onto the [Toulmin schema](Analysis.html#the-toulmin-schema). Thus we can say:
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* that the proposition itself is a `claim` in the sense of the **C** term;
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* that `:data` above is precisely `data` in the sense of the **D** term in Toulmin's schema, but may (is likely to) also provide a `warrant` in the sense of the **W** term;
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* that `:truth` and `:confidence` are both `qualifiers` of the claim in the sense of the **Q** term;
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* that `:authority` is a form of `backing` in the sense of the **B** term.
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So what, then, is an 'argument structure', as described above? It seems to me that it may be exactly a proposition, with the special feature that the data is not minimised.
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#### Proposition minimisation
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How are the values of `:subject`, `:object` and so on to be passed? If we pass rich knowledge structures around, then we lose the insight that different advocates may know different things about given objects. Thus, while internally within each advocate's knowledge base objects may be stored with rich data, when they're passed around in propositions they should be minimised - that is to say, the value should just be a unique identifier, such that, for every object in the domain, if an advocate knows anything at all about that object, it knows its unique identifier and knows the object by that unique identifier.
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How are the values of `:subject`, `:object` and so on to be passed? If we pass rich knowledge structures around, then we lose the insight that different advocates may know different things about given objects. Thus, while internally within each advocate's knowledge base objects may be stored with rich data, when they're passed around in propositions they should be minimised - that is to say, the value should just be a unique identifier, such that, for every object in the domain, if an advocate knows anything at all about that object, it knows its unique identifier and knows the object by that unique identifier.
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Thus the unique identifier has something of the nature of a 'true name', in the magical sense. A given true name, a given unique identifier, refers to precisely one thing in the world, and provided that two advocates both know the same true name, they can debats propositions which refer to the objects with those true names.
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Thus the unique identifier has something of the nature of a 'true name', in the magical sense. A given true name, a given unique identifier, refers to precisely one thing in the world, and provided that two advocates both know the same true name, they can debats propositions which refer to the object with that true name.
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Generally, a true name shall be a Clojure keyword. That keyword, passed to any advocate in the game, shall identify either `nil` (the advocate knows nothing of the object), or a map representing everything the advocate knows about the object.
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Generally, a true name shall be a Clojure keyword. That keyword, passed to any advocate in the game, shall identify either `nil` (the advocate knows nothing of the object), or a map representing everything the advocate knows about the object, and within that map, the value of the key `:id` shall be that true name.
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But in saying 'the advocate knows', actually, the advocate knows nothing. The advocate has access to a knowledge base, and it is in the knowledge base that the knowledge is stored. It may be an individual knowledge base, in which case we can implement that idea that different advocates may have the different knowledge about the same object, or it may be a shared consensual knowledge base.
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But in saying 'the advocate knows', actually, the advocate knows nothing. The advocate has access to a knowledge base, and it is in the knowledge base that the knowledge is stored. It may be an individual knowledge base, in which case we can implement that idea that different advocates may have the different knowledge about the same object, or it may be a shared consensual knowledge base.
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@ -69,4 +92,23 @@ This means that every implementation of the `wildwood.knowledge-accessor/Accesso
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The object of building Bialowieza as a library is that we should not constrain how applications which use the library store their knowledge. Rather, knowledge accessors must transduce between the representation used by the particular storage implementation and that defined in `wildwood.schema`. However, what we've described above suggests that a hierarchical database would be a very natural fit for knowlege base data - more natural, in this case, than a relational database.
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The object of building Bialowieza as a library is that we should not constrain how applications which use the library store their knowledge. Rather, knowledge accessors must transduce between the representation used by the particular storage implementation and that defined in `wildwood.schema`. However, what we've described above suggests that a hierarchical database would be a very natural fit for knowlege base data - more natural, in this case, than a relational database.
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## Prejudice, and defaults
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In Arboretum and later in KnacqTools, default values of features were determined by the 'knowledge engineer', normally by asking the domain expert, and were fixed for the knowledge base at all times. But these two programs each reasoned about one case at a time, and did not store knowledge about multiple cases.
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These systems could this be said to be *prejudiced*, to the extent that knowledge of the world acquired over time did not change their default judgements. Wildwood holds knowledge on potentially very many objects, and that knowledge may change dynamically over time, both as the world changes and as new things which already existed in the world become known.
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Suppose we wish to decide the truth value of the proposition
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{:verb :is :subject :brutus :object :honourable}
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Suppose we have no rule for this, so we want to use a default. Suppose we scan all the propositions in the knowledge base which match the pattern
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{:verb :is :object :honourable}
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and divide them into two sets, those which assert `true` and those which assert `false`.
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If the arity of the true set is greater than the arity of the false set, then the default is `true` (and vice versa). But we can derive more than this: we can derive a confidence score, based on the ratio of true instances to false instances.
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The problem is that this is computationally expensive. So we need to cache default values. Different advocates may use different caching strategies, with different 'time to live'. The longer the time to live of a cached default, the more prejudiced - the less agile in learning - the advocate will be; but the faster it will be able to produce decisions.
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC ""
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC ""
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Against Truth</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#against-truth" name="against-truth"></a>Against Truth</h1>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Against Truth</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.caesar.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>caesar</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>dengine</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-3"><a href="wildwood.dengine.engine.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>engine</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree" style="top: -52px;"><span class="top" style="height: 61px;"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#against-truth" name="against-truth"></a>Against Truth</h1>
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<p><a href="mailto:simon@journeyman.cc">Simon Brooke</a></p>
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<p><a href="mailto:simon@journeyman.cc">Simon Brooke</a></p>
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<blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>“Hey, what IS truth, man?” Beeblebrox, Z, quoted in [Adams, 1978]</p>
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<p>“Hey, what IS truth, man?” Beeblebrox, Z, quoted in [Adams, 1978]</p>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Analysis</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#analysis" name="analysis"></a>Analysis</h1>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Analysis</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.caesar.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>caesar</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>dengine</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-3"><a href="wildwood.dengine.engine.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>engine</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree" style="top: -52px;"><span class="top" style="height: 61px;"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#analysis" name="analysis"></a>Analysis</h1>
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<h2><a href="#accounts-from-the-philosophy-of-science" name="accounts-from-the-philosophy-of-science"></a>Accounts from the Philosophy of Science</h2>
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<h2><a href="#accounts-from-the-philosophy-of-science" name="accounts-from-the-philosophy-of-science"></a>Accounts from the Philosophy of Science</h2>
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<p>(Towards another chapter. What l want to do is: ,</p>
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<p>(Towards another chapter. What l want to do is: ,</p>
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<p>Thus those practitioners in the field of Expert Systems who advance Toulmin as an authority must face up to this corrolary: if Toulmin’s arguments are valid, then there cannot ever be a successful Expert System based on any technology we have now available, as all current Expert Systems are based on some logical formalism (even if, as in the case of production systems, this formalism is crude); and all, certainly, claim to be decision processes for arguments in their domain. As such, according to Toulmin, they are the modern equivalents of the PhiIosophers’ stone - they cannot exist.</p>
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<p>Thus those practitioners in the field of Expert Systems who advance Toulmin as an authority must face up to this corrolary: if Toulmin’s arguments are valid, then there cannot ever be a successful Expert System based on any technology we have now available, as all current Expert Systems are based on some logical formalism (even if, as in the case of production systems, this formalism is crude); and all, certainly, claim to be decision processes for arguments in their domain. As such, according to Toulmin, they are the modern equivalents of the PhiIosophers’ stone - they cannot exist.</p>
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<p>He was, to be fair to him, writing in the year that LISP was being developed, when the posibility of mechanical inference was dreamed of only by visionaries like Turing; nevertheless the cavalier manner in which he dismisses all of the 19th and 20th century advances in logic significantly weakens his claims to be taken seriously in this field.</p>
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<p>He was, to be fair to him, writing in the year that LISP was being developed, when the posibility of mechanical inference was dreamed of only by visionaries like Turing; nevertheless the cavalier manner in which he dismisses all of the 19th and 20th century advances in logic significantly weakens his claims to be taken seriously in this field.</p>
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<p>But if Toulmin cannot be taken seriously as a logician, is there any residual value in his work on argument? I think it is possible that there is, because the argument schema with which he hoped to replace both the traditional syllogism, and the formalisms of modern logic, does indeed capture the content of normal conversational discussion in an easily manageable form. Had Toulmin advanced this and this only, I think he might have been taken more seriously; and I think there is merit in the current revival of interest in it.</p>
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<p>But if Toulmin cannot be taken seriously as a logician, is there any residual value in his work on argument? I think it is possible that there is, because the argument schema with which he hoped to replace both the traditional syllogism, and the formalisms of modern logic, does indeed capture the content of normal conversational discussion in an easily manageable form. Had Toulmin advanced this and this only, I think he might have been taken more seriously; and I think there is merit in the current revival of interest in it.</p>
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<h3><a href="#the-schema" name="the-schema"></a>The Schema</h3>
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<h3><a href="#the-toulmin-schema" name="the-toulmin-schema"></a>The Toulmin Schema</h3>
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<p>Toulmin’s concern is with arguments as they are presented informally, in conversation or writing, and the relation between the form of such informal arguments and the forms recognised by formal logic.</p>
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<p>Toulmin’s concern is with arguments as they are presented informally, in conversation or writing, and the relation between the form of such informal arguments and the forms recognised by formal logic.</p>
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<p>He questions whether the aristotelian ‘standard form’ of an argument is ‘candid’; that is, whether it is presented in such a way as to make its merits as argument most manifest. He suggests that the analysis into only three elements, major premiss, minor premiss, conclusion may be artificially simplified:</p>
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<p>He questions whether the aristotelian ‘standard form’ of an argument is ‘candid’; that is, whether it is presented in such a way as to make its merits as argument most manifest. He suggests that the analysis into only three elements, major premiss, minor premiss, conclusion may be artificially simplified:</p>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Arboretum</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#arboretum" name="arboretum"></a>Arboretum</h1>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Arboretum</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.caesar.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>caesar</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>dengine</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-3"><a href="wildwood.dengine.engine.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>engine</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree" style="top: -52px;"><span class="top" style="height: 61px;"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#arboretum" name="arboretum"></a>Arboretum</h1>
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<p>This chapter describes briefly an inference mechanism, implemented in the Arboretum prototype; this is included here to show the results achieved in the author’s early work on explanation, on which it is hoped to build in the current work. A fuller description of this mechanism, and of the Arboretum prototype, will be found in [Mott & Brooke 87], from which this chapter is largely drawn.</p>
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<p>This chapter describes briefly an inference mechanism, implemented in the Arboretum prototype; this is included here to show the results achieved in the author’s early work on explanation, on which it is hoped to build in the current work. A fuller description of this mechanism, and of the Arboretum prototype, will be found in [Mott & Brooke 87], from which this chapter is largely drawn.</p>
|
||||||
<p>Arboretum was written in InterLisp-D[4] using LOOPS [5] object oriented facilities, to allow people to manipulate DTree structures through graphical representations: to build arbitrarily large knowledge bases, to use these to provide answers to questions about objects in domains admitting incomplete information - and to provide natural language explanations of these answers. The inference process by which answers are produced is shown as an animated graph. The user can ask the system how the value of any particular feature was arrived at, and what that value was. . It was developed for the Alvey DHSS Large Demonstrator Project, and sought to meet early perceptions of the needs of DHSS Adjudication Officers. Adjudication Officers decide claimants’ eligibility over a wide range of welfare benefits. There is a very large volume of work to be done, so they work under considerable pressure.</p>
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<p>Arboretum was written in InterLisp-D[4] using LOOPS [5] object oriented facilities, to allow people to manipulate DTree structures through graphical representations: to build arbitrarily large knowledge bases, to use these to provide answers to questions about objects in domains admitting incomplete information - and to provide natural language explanations of these answers. The inference process by which answers are produced is shown as an animated graph. The user can ask the system how the value of any particular feature was arrived at, and what that value was. . It was developed for the Alvey DHSS Large Demonstrator Project, and sought to meet early perceptions of the needs of DHSS Adjudication Officers. Adjudication Officers decide claimants’ eligibility over a wide range of welfare benefits. There is a very large volume of work to be done, so they work under considerable pressure.</p>
|
||||||
<p>The Adjudication process within the DHSS has its own levels of authority culminating in the</p>
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<p>The Adjudication process within the DHSS has its own levels of authority culminating in the</p>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Arden</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#arden" name="arden"></a>Arden</h1>
|
<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Arden</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.caesar.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>caesar</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>dengine</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-3"><a href="wildwood.dengine.engine.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>engine</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree" style="top: -52px;"><span class="top" style="height: 61px;"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#arden" name="arden"></a>Arden</h1>
|
||||||
<h2><a href="#why-arden-" name="why-arden-"></a>Why Arden?</h2>
|
<h2><a href="#why-arden-" name="why-arden-"></a>Why Arden?</h2>
|
||||||
<p>It was something of tradition in the InterLisp-D community to give successive versions of a project codenames with successive alphabetical initials. So the first version would have a name starting ‘A’, the second ‘B’, and so on. The first prototype for Wildwood was called ‘Arden’, because it starts with an ‘A’, and because it is a fantastical dream-like forest depicted in Shakespeare’s play ‘As You Like It’, which if I recall correctly was performed as a promenade performance by the Duke’s Theatre in Lancaster in that year. While Arboretum - that carefully tended garden of trees - had been, as I’ve said, largely Peter’s in concept, Wildwood would be mine.</p>
|
<p>It was something of tradition in the InterLisp-D community to give successive versions of a project codenames with successive alphabetical initials. So the first version would have a name starting ‘A’, the second ‘B’, and so on. The first prototype for Wildwood was called ‘Arden’, because it starts with an ‘A’, and because it is a fantastical dream-like forest depicted in Shakespeare’s play ‘As You Like It’, which if I recall correctly was performed as a promenade performance by the Duke’s Theatre in Lancaster in that year. While Arboretum - that carefully tended garden of trees - had been, as I’ve said, largely Peter’s in concept, Wildwood would be mine.</p>
|
||||||
<h2><a href="#background" name="background"></a>Background</h2>
|
<h2><a href="#background" name="background"></a>Background</h2>
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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@ -1,6 +1,74 @@
|
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC ""
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC ""
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"">
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"">
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Bialowieza</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#bialowieza" name="bialowieza"></a>Bialowieza</h1>
|
<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Bialowieza</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.caesar.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>caesar</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>dengine</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-3"><a href="wildwood.dengine.engine.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>engine</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree" style="top: -52px;"><span class="top" style="height: 61px;"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#bialowieza" name="bialowieza"></a>Bialowieza</h1>
|
||||||
<p>{not yet written. To cover development of the Clojure Wildwood library, and the thinking and design which develops as I do it}</p>
|
<p>{ this chapter is in active development }</p>
|
||||||
<h2><a href="#why-bialowieza-" name="why-bialowieza-"></a>Why Bialowieza?</h2>
|
<h2><a href="#why-bialowieza-" name="why-bialowieza-"></a>Why Bialowieza?</h2>
|
||||||
<p>Bialowieza is the second iteration of the Wildwood engine, and this following convention its name should start with ‘B’. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa">Białowieża</a> is Europe’s last great wild wood, and it is currently under threat.</p></div></div></div></body></html>
|
<p>Bialowieza is the second iteration of the Wildwood engine, and this following convention its name should start with ‘B’. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa">Białowieża</a> is Europe’s last great wild wood, and it is currently under threat.</p>
|
||||||
|
<h2><a href="#motivation" name="motivation"></a>Motivation</h2>
|
||||||
|
<p>The current motivation for restarting work on Wildwood is to provide non-player characters in a game world with sufficient intelligence that they can enter into meaningful unscripted conversations about objects and events in that world.</p>
|
||||||
|
<h2><a href="#major-components-of-bialowieza" name="major-components-of-bialowieza"></a>Major components of Bialowieza</h2>
|
||||||
|
<h3><a href="#knowledge-accessors" name="knowledge-accessors"></a>Knowledge Accessors</h3>
|
||||||
|
<p>The <code>wildwood.knowledge-accessor/Accessor</code> protocol defines a bidirectional transducer which can fetch data from whatever storage representation the calling application uses into the representation defined by <code>wildwood.schema</code>.</p>
|
||||||
|
<h3><a href="#advocates" name="advocates"></a>Advocates</h3>
|
||||||
|
<p>The <code>wildwood.advocate/Advocate</code> protocol describes an agent which can take part in decision processes.</p>
|
||||||
|
<h3><a href="#the-engine-itself" name="the-engine-itself"></a>The engine itself</h3>
|
||||||
|
<p>The engine is implemented by the namespace <code>wildwood.bialowieza</code>.</p>
|
||||||
|
<h3><a href="#inference-processes" name="inference-processes"></a>Inference processes</h3>
|
||||||
|
<p>Advocates are entitled to use whatever inference processes they like, but they have access to <code>wildwood.dengine</code>, which is an implementation of the DTree engine described in the chapter on <a href="Arboretum.html">Arboretum</a> adapted to propositions as defined in <code>wildwood.schema</code>.</p>
|
||||||
|
<h3><a href="#propositions" name="propositions"></a>Propositions</h3>
|
||||||
|
<p>{ <strong>TODO</strong> read, and follow references from, <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/propositions/">https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/propositions/</a> }</p>
|
||||||
|
<p>As a slightly tendentious first stab, a proposition is a sentence which is either true or false. This is tendentious because two different sentences which have the same underlying semantic import are usually considered to be instances of the same proposition, and seen from the other end, there may be many ways you can validly express a single proposition in a single natural language. However, for the present purpose, the proposition that a proposition is a sentence is good enough.</p>
|
||||||
|
<p>A sentence generally has the form</p>
|
||||||
|
<pre><code><verb subject object>
|
||||||
|
</code></pre>
|
||||||
|
<p>with possibly a lot of other qualifying material.</p>
|
||||||
|
<p>So we shall say that a proposition will be represented as a Clojure map with at least the keys:</p>
|
||||||
|
<ul>
|
||||||
|
<li><code>:verb</code> - what is asserted</li>
|
||||||
|
<li><code>:subject</code> - of whom (or what)</li>
|
||||||
|
<li><code>:object</code> - to whom (or what)</li>
|
||||||
|
</ul>
|
||||||
|
<p>Thus</p>
|
||||||
|
<pre><code>{:verb :killed :subject :brutus :object :caesar}
|
||||||
|
</code></pre>
|
||||||
|
<p>is a proposition which asserts that Brutus killed Caesar.</p>
|
||||||
|
<p>There may be many other privileged keys, such as</p>
|
||||||
|
<ul>
|
||||||
|
<li><code>:location</code> - where did it happen? value might be something from which proximity may be derived;</li>
|
||||||
|
<li><code>:time</code> - when did it happen? This needs to be a value with a canonical order, such as a number;</li>
|
||||||
|
<li><code>:truth</code> - is it true? if present and value <code>false</code>, negates the proposition;</li>
|
||||||
|
<li><code>:confidence</code> - how sure am I? A value, perhaps, in the range -1 to 1, although conventionally if less than 1 we probably set the <code>:truth</code> value to false;</li>
|
||||||
|
<li><code>:data</code> - an argument structure…!</li>
|
||||||
|
<li><code>:authority</code> - id of agent from whom, or rule from which, I know this;</li>
|
||||||
|
</ul>
|
||||||
|
<p>and so on. The exact set of privileged keys is probably actually a matter for particular advocates rather than for the engine itself, although if the advocates in the game don’t broadly share the same set of privileged keys then it won’t work very well.</p>
|
||||||
|
<p><em>However…</em></p>
|
||||||
|
<p>The attentive reader will note that some of the proposed privileged keys map closely onto the <a href="Analysis.html#the-toulmin-schema">Toulmin schema</a>. Thus we can say:</p>
|
||||||
|
<ul>
|
||||||
|
<li>that the proposition itself is a <code>claim</code> in the sense of the <strong>C</strong> term;</li>
|
||||||
|
<li>that <code>:data</code> above is precisely <code>data</code> in the sense of the <strong>D</strong> term in Toulmin’s schema, but may (is likely to) also provide a <code>warrant</code> in the sense of the <strong>W</strong> term;</li>
|
||||||
|
<li>that <code>:truth</code> and <code>:confidence</code> are both <code>qualifiers</code> of the claim in the sense of the <strong>Q</strong> term;</li>
|
||||||
|
<li>that <code>:authority</code> is a form of <code>backing</code> in the sense of the <strong>B</strong> term.</li>
|
||||||
|
</ul>
|
||||||
|
<p>So what, then, is an ‘argument structure’, as described above? It seems to me that it may be exactly a proposition, with the special feature that the data is not minimised.</p>
|
||||||
|
<h4><a href="#proposition-minimisation" name="proposition-minimisation"></a>Proposition minimisation</h4>
|
||||||
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<p>How are the values of <code>:subject</code>, <code>:object</code> and so on to be passed? If we pass rich knowledge structures around, then we lose the insight that different advocates may know different things about given objects. Thus, while internally within each advocate’s knowledge base objects may be stored with rich data, when they’re passed around in propositions they should be minimised - that is to say, the value should just be a unique identifier, such that, for every object in the domain, if an advocate knows anything at all about that object, it knows its unique identifier and knows the object by that unique identifier.</p>
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||||||
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<p>Thus the unique identifier has something of the nature of a ‘true name’, in the magical sense. A given true name, a given unique identifier, refers to precisely one thing in the world, and provided that two advocates both know the same true name, they can debats propositions which refer to the object with that true name.</p>
|
||||||
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<p>Generally, a true name shall be a Clojure keyword. That keyword, passed to any advocate in the game, shall identify either <code>nil</code> (the advocate knows nothing of the object), or a map representing everything the advocate knows about the object, and within that map, the value of the key <code>:id</code> shall be that true name.</p>
|
||||||
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<p>But in saying ‘the advocate knows’, actually, the advocate knows nothing. The advocate has access to a knowledge base, and it is in the knowledge base that the knowledge is stored. It may be an individual knowledge base, in which case we can implement that idea that different advocates may have the different knowledge about the same object, or it may be a shared consensual knowledge base.</p>
|
||||||
|
<p>A proposition is represented as a map. So to minimise a proposition, for every value in that map, if the value is itself a map it shall be replaced by the value of the key <code>:id</code> in that map.</p>
|
||||||
|
<p>This means that every implementation of the <code>wildwood.knowledge-accessor/Accessor</code> protocol must transduce whatever token its backing store uses as the primary key for an object to <code>:id</code> when it performs a <code>fetch</code> operation.</p>
|
||||||
|
<h2><a href="#thoughts-on-the-shape-of-a-knowledge-base" name="thoughts-on-the-shape-of-a-knowledge-base"></a>Thoughts on the shape of a knowledge base</h2>
|
||||||
|
<p>The object of building Bialowieza as a library is that we should not constrain how applications which use the library store their knowledge. Rather, knowledge accessors must transduce between the representation used by the particular storage implementation and that defined in <code>wildwood.schema</code>. However, what we’ve described above suggests that a hierarchical database would be a very natural fit for knowlege base data - more natural, in this case, than a relational database.</p>
|
||||||
|
<h2><a href="#prejudice-and-defaults" name="prejudice-and-defaults"></a>Prejudice, and defaults</h2>
|
||||||
|
<p>In Arboretum and later in KnacqTools, default values of features were determined by the ‘knowledge engineer’, normally by asking the domain expert, and were fixed for the knowledge base at all times. But these two programs each reasoned about one case at a time, and did not store knowledge about multiple cases.</p>
|
||||||
|
<p>These systems could this be said to be <em>prejudiced</em>, to the extent that knowledge of the world acquired over time did not change their default judgements. Wildwood holds knowledge on potentially very many objects, and that knowledge may change dynamically over time, both as the world changes and as new things which already existed in the world become known.</p>
|
||||||
|
<p>Suppose we wish to decide the truth value of the proposition</p>
|
||||||
|
<pre><code>{:verb :is :subject :brutus :object :honourable}
|
||||||
|
</code></pre>
|
||||||
|
<p>Suppose we have no rule for this, so we want to use a default. Suppose we scan all the propositions in the knowledge base which match the pattern</p>
|
||||||
|
<pre><code>{:verb :is :object :honourable}
|
||||||
|
</code></pre>
|
||||||
|
<p>and divide them into two sets, those which assert <code>true</code> and those which assert <code>false</code>.</p>
|
||||||
|
<p>If the arity of the true set is greater than the arity of the false set, then the default is <code>true</code> (and vice versa). But we can derive more than this: we can derive a confidence score, based on the ratio of true instances to false instances.</p>
|
||||||
|
<p>The problem is that this is computationally expensive. So we need to cache default values. Different advocates may use different caching strategies, with different ‘time to live’. The longer the time to live of a cached default, the more prejudiced - the less agile in learning - the advocate will be; but the faster it will be able to produce decisions.</p></div></div></div></body></html>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Errata</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#errata" name="errata"></a>Errata</h1>
|
<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Errata</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.caesar.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>caesar</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>dengine</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-3"><a href="wildwood.dengine.engine.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>engine</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree" style="top: -52px;"><span class="top" style="height: 61px;"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#errata" name="errata"></a>Errata</h1>
|
||||||
<ol>
|
<ol>
|
||||||
<li>On title page: the claim that Zaphod Beeblebrox is quoted as saying ‘Hey, what IS truth, man?’ in the printed text of Douglas Adams ‘Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy’ is false.</li>
|
<li>On title page: the claim that Zaphod Beeblebrox is quoted as saying ‘Hey, what IS truth, man?’ in the printed text of Douglas Adams ‘Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy’ is false.</li>
|
||||||
</ol></div></div></div></body></html>
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</ol></div></div></div></body></html>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Experience</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#experience" name="experience"></a>Experience</h1>
|
<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Experience</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.caesar.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>caesar</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>dengine</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-3"><a href="wildwood.dengine.engine.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>engine</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree" style="top: -52px;"><span class="top" style="height: 61px;"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#experience" name="experience"></a>Experience</h1>
|
||||||
<p>{Not yet written. To cover an evaluation of the Clojure Wildwood library, when it works, and what I can learn from it going forward}</p></div></div></div></body></html>
|
<p>{Not yet written. To cover an evaluation of the Clojure Wildwood library, when it works, and what I can learn from it going forward}</p></div></div></div></body></html>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>History</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#history" name="history"></a>History</h1>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>History</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.caesar.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>caesar</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>dengine</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-3"><a href="wildwood.dengine.engine.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>engine</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree" style="top: -52px;"><span class="top" style="height: 61px;"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#history" name="history"></a>History</h1>
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<h2><a href="#history-introduction" name="history-introduction"></a>History: Introduction</h2>
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<h2><a href="#history-introduction" name="history-introduction"></a>History: Introduction</h2>
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<p>The object of this chapter is to describe and discuss the development of Expert System explanations from the beginning’ to the most recent systems. The argument which I will try to advance is that development has been continuously driven by the perceived inadequacy of the explanations given; and that, while many ad hoc, and some principled, approaches have been tried, no really adequate explanation system has emerged. Further, I will claim that, as some of the later and more principled explanation systems accurately model the accounts of explanation advanced in current philosophy, the philosophical understanding of explanation is itself inadequate.</p>
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<p>The object of this chapter is to describe and discuss the development of Expert System explanations from the beginning’ to the most recent systems. The argument which I will try to advance is that development has been continuously driven by the perceived inadequacy of the explanations given; and that, while many ad hoc, and some principled, approaches have been tried, no really adequate explanation system has emerged. Further, I will claim that, as some of the later and more principled explanation systems accurately model the accounts of explanation advanced in current philosophy, the philosophical understanding of explanation is itself inadequate.</p>
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<p>{I ought to add to this chapter to give some overview of what’s happened since 1990, and look at explanations of neural network decisions, because that will help in later parts/chapters of Part One}</p>
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<p>{I ought to add to this chapter to give some overview of what’s happened since 1990, and look at explanations of neural network decisions, because that will help in later parts/chapters of Part One}</p>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Implementing</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#implementing" name="implementing"></a>Implementing</h1>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Implementing</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.caesar.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>caesar</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>dengine</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-3"><a href="wildwood.dengine.engine.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>engine</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree" style="top: -52px;"><span class="top" style="height: 61px;"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#implementing" name="implementing"></a>Implementing</h1>
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<p>{not yet written. To cover the actual structure of the Clojure Wildwood library, as I do it}</p></div></div></div></body></html>
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<p>{not yet written. To cover the actual structure of the Clojure Wildwood library, as I do it}</p></div></div></div></body></html>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>KnacqTools</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#knacqtools" name="knacqtools"></a>KnacqTools</h1>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>KnacqTools</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.caesar.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>caesar</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>dengine</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-3"><a href="wildwood.dengine.engine.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>engine</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree" style="top: -52px;"><span class="top" style="height: 61px;"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#knacqtools" name="knacqtools"></a>KnacqTools</h1>
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<h2><a href="#background" name="background"></a>Background</h2>
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<h2><a href="#background" name="background"></a>Background</h2>
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<p>KnacqTools (’Knowledge Acquisition Toolkit") was essentially a productisation of the ideas developed in <a href="Arboretum.html">Arboretum</a>. It was written in C, originally for Acorn’s RISC OS operating system, and later ported to UNIX. The only major innovation of KnacqTools was that it was able to transform DTree knowledge structures into the rule languages of a number of contemporary ‘expert system’ inference engines.</p>
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<p>KnacqTools (’Knowledge Acquisition Toolkit") was essentially a productisation of the ideas developed in <a href="Arboretum.html">Arboretum</a>. It was written in C, originally for Acorn’s RISC OS operating system, and later ported to UNIX. The only major innovation of KnacqTools was that it was able to transform DTree knowledge structures into the rule languages of a number of contemporary ‘expert system’ inference engines.</p>
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<p>Thus the expected use of KnacqTools was not to run an inference process itself (although of course it could do this), but to allow a knowledge engineer, using Peter Mott’s ‘elicitation by exception’ technique, which I and others had polished in the field, to enter DTrees elicited from domain experts, compile these DTrees into production rules, and export those prodution rules to the selected expert system package for deployment.</p>
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<p>Thus the expected use of KnacqTools was not to run an inference process itself (although of course it could do this), but to allow a knowledge engineer, using Peter Mott’s ‘elicitation by exception’ technique, which I and others had polished in the field, to enter DTrees elicited from domain experts, compile these DTrees into production rules, and export those prodution rules to the selected expert system package for deployment.</p>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Manifesto</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#manifesto" name="manifesto"></a>Manifesto</h1>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Manifesto</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.caesar.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>caesar</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>dengine</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-3"><a href="wildwood.dengine.engine.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>engine</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree" style="top: -52px;"><span class="top" style="height: 61px;"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#manifesto" name="manifesto"></a>Manifesto</h1>
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<p>Machine inference – automated reasoning, the core of what gets called Artificial Intellegence – has ab initio been based on the assumption that the purpose of reasoning was to preserve truth. It is because this assumption is false that the project has thus far failed to bear fruit, that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test">Allan Turing’s eponymous test</a> has yet to be passed.</p>
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<p>Machine inference – automated reasoning, the core of what gets called Artificial Intellegence – has ab initio been based on the assumption that the purpose of reasoning was to preserve truth. It is because this assumption is false that the project has thus far failed to bear fruit, that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test">Allan Turing’s eponymous test</a> has yet to be passed.</p>
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<p><img src="../img/clockwork.png" alt="Clockwork minds" /></p>
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<p><img src="../img/clockwork.png" alt="Clockwork minds" /></p>
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<p>Of course it is possible to build machines which, within the constraints of finite store, can accurately compute theora of first order predicate calculus ad nauseam but such machines do not display behaviour which is convincingly intelligent. They are cold and mechanical; we do not recognise ourselves in them. Like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_in_the_Fireplace">Girl in the Fireplace</a>’s beautiful clocks, they are precisely inhuman.</p>
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<p>Of course it is possible to build machines which, within the constraints of finite store, can accurately compute theora of first order predicate calculus ad nauseam but such machines do not display behaviour which is convincingly intelligent. They are cold and mechanical; we do not recognise ourselves in them. Like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_in_the_Fireplace">Girl in the Fireplace</a>’s beautiful clocks, they are precisely inhuman.</p>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#on-the-first-dialogue-of-hylas-and-philonous" name="on-the-first-dialogue-of-hylas-and-philonous"></a>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</h1>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.caesar.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>caesar</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>dengine</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-3"><a href="wildwood.dengine.engine.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>engine</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree" style="top: -52px;"><span class="top" style="height: 61px;"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#on-the-first-dialogue-of-hylas-and-philonous" name="on-the-first-dialogue-of-hylas-and-philonous"></a>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</h1>
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<p>The argument that our perception of a ‘real world’ does not prove its existence is not new, of course. Here is a classic statement of a similar argument from BerkeIey’s <em><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4724/4724-h/4724-h.htm">First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</a></em>:</p>
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<p>The argument that our perception of a ‘real world’ does not prove its existence is not new, of course. Here is a classic statement of a similar argument from BerkeIey’s <em><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4724/4724-h/4724-h.htm">First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</a></em>:</p>
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<p>Hyl.: Do we not perceive the stars and moon, for example, to be a A great way off? Is not this, I say, manifest to the senses? I</p>
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<p>Hyl.: Do we not perceive the stars and moon, for example, to be a A great way off? Is not this, I say, manifest to the senses? I</p>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>On the subtext of a predicate</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#on-the-subtext-of-a-predicate" name="on-the-subtext-of-a-predicate"></a>On the subtext of a predicate</h1>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>On the subtext of a predicate</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.caesar.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>caesar</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>dengine</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-3"><a href="wildwood.dengine.engine.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>engine</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree" style="top: -52px;"><span class="top" style="height: 61px;"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#on-the-subtext-of-a-predicate" name="on-the-subtext-of-a-predicate"></a>On the subtext of a predicate</h1>
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<p>Predicates are not atomic. They do not come single spies, but freighted with battalions of inferable subtexts. Suppose Anthony says</p>
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<p>Predicates are not atomic. They do not come single spies, but freighted with battalions of inferable subtexts. Suppose Anthony says</p>
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<pre><code>Brutus killed Caesar in Rome during the ides of March
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<pre><code>Brutus killed Caesar in Rome during the ides of March
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>The Problem</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#the-problem" name="the-problem"></a>The Problem</h1>
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>The Problem</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.caesar.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>caesar</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>dengine</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-3"><a href="wildwood.dengine.engine.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>engine</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree" style="top: -52px;"><span class="top" style="height: 61px;"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#the-problem" name="the-problem"></a>The Problem</h1>
|
||||||
<p>In this chapter talk about the perceived need for expert system explanations. Advance:</p>
|
<p>In this chapter talk about the perceived need for expert system explanations. Advance:</p>
|
||||||
<p>the arguments used by expert systems designers, saying why explanations are needed;</p>
|
<p>the arguments used by expert systems designers, saying why explanations are needed;</p>
|
||||||
<p>the arguments used by critics which claim that the explanations given are not good enough.</p>
|
<p>the arguments used by critics which claim that the explanations given are not good enough.</p>
|
||||||
|
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|
||||||
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC ""
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC ""
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"">
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"">
|
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<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Introduction to Wildwood</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#introduction-to-wildwood" name="introduction-to-wildwood"></a>Introduction to Wildwood</h1>
|
<html><head><meta charset="UTF-8" /><title>Introduction to Wildwood</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/highlight.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="js/highlight.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/page_effects.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body><div id="header"><h2>Generated by <a href="https://github.com/weavejester/codox">Codox</a></h2><h1><a href="index.html"><span class="project-title"><span class="project-name">Wildwood</span> <span class="project-version">0.1.0-SNAPSHOT</span></span></a></h1></div><div class="sidebar primary"><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Project</span></h3><ul class="index-link"><li class="depth-1 "><a href="index.html"><div class="inner">Index</div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Topics</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1 "><a href="AgainstTruth.html"><div class="inner"><span>Against Truth</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Analysis.html"><div class="inner"><span>Analysis</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arboretum.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arboretum</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Arden.html"><div class="inner"><span>Arden</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span>Bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Errata.html"><div class="inner"><span>Errata</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Experience.html"><div class="inner"><span>Experience</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="History.html"><div class="inner"><span>History</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Implementing.html"><div class="inner"><span>Implementing</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="KnacqTools.html"><div class="inner"><span>KnacqTools</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="Manifesto.html"><div class="inner"><span>Manifesto</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="OnHylasAndPhilonus.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the First Dialogue of Hylas and Philonous</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="PredicateSubtext.html"><div class="inner"><span>On the subtext of a predicate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 "><a href="TheProblem.html"><div class="inner"><span>The Problem</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-1 current"><a href="intro.html"><div class="inner"><span>Introduction to Wildwood</span></div></a></li></ul><h3 class="no-link"><span class="inner">Namespaces</span></h3><ul><li class="depth-1"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>wildwood</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.advocate.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>advocate</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.bialowieza.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>bialowieza</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.caesar.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>caesar</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><div class="no-link"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>dengine</span></div></div></li><li class="depth-3"><a href="wildwood.dengine.engine.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>engine</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2 branch"><a href="wildwood.knowledge-accessor.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree" style="top: -52px;"><span class="top" style="height: 61px;"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>knowledge-accessor</span></div></a></li><li class="depth-2"><a href="wildwood.schema.html"><div class="inner"><span class="tree"><span class="top"></span><span class="bottom"></span></span><span>schema</span></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="document" id="content"><div class="doc"><div class="markdown"><h1><a href="#introduction-to-wildwood" name="introduction-to-wildwood"></a>Introduction to Wildwood</h1>
|
||||||
<p>I started building Wildwood nearly forty years ago on InterLisp-D workstations. Then, because of changing academic projects, I lost access to those machines, and the project was effectively abandoned. But, I’ve kept thinking about it; it has cool ideas.</p>
|
<p>I started building Wildwood nearly forty years ago on InterLisp-D workstations. Then, because of changing academic projects, I lost access to those machines, and the project was effectively abandoned. But, I’ve kept thinking about it; it has cool ideas.</p>
|
||||||
<h2><a href="#explicable-inference" name="explicable-inference"></a>Explicable inference</h2>
|
<h2><a href="#explicable-inference" name="explicable-inference"></a>Explicable inference</h2>
|
||||||
<p>Wildwood was a follow on from ideas developed in Arboretum, an inference system based on a novel propositional logic using defaults. Arboretum was documented in our paper</p>
|
<p>Wildwood was a follow on from ideas developed in Arboretum, an inference system based on a novel propositional logic using defaults. Arboretum was documented in our paper</p>
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
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3
docs/codox/wildwood.caesar.html
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3
docs/codox/wildwood.caesar.html
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3
docs/codox/wildwood.dengine.engine.html
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3
docs/codox/wildwood.dengine.engine.html
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docs/codox/wildwood.dengine.html
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docs/codox/wildwood.dengine.html
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|
@ -23,14 +23,14 @@
|
||||||
:longus [{:verb :killed :subject :longus :object :caesar :location :forum :date ides-of-march}]
|
:longus [{:verb :killed :subject :longus :object :caesar :location :forum :date ides-of-march}]
|
||||||
:forum [{:verb :killed :subject :longus :object :caesar :location :forum :date ides-of-march}]})
|
:forum [{:verb :killed :subject :longus :object :caesar :location :forum :date ides-of-march}]})
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
(defn faldo-db
|
(def faldo-db
|
||||||
"Falco knows that Caesar has been killed, but doesn't know who by or when."
|
"Falco knows that Caesar has been killed, but doesn't know by whom or when."
|
||||||
{:caesar [{:verb :killed :object :caesar :location :forum}]
|
{:caesar [{:verb :killed :object :caesar :location :forum}]
|
||||||
:brutus [{:verb :killed :object :caesar :location :forum}]
|
:brutus [{:verb :killed :object :caesar :location :forum}]
|
||||||
:forum [{:verb :killed :object :caesar :location :forum}]})
|
:forum [{:verb :killed :object :caesar :location :forum}]})
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
(def gaius-db
|
(def gaius-db
|
||||||
"Gaius knows that Brutus killed him, but thinks it happened in April."
|
"Gaius knows that Brutus killed Caesar, but believes it happened in April."
|
||||||
{:caesar [{:verb :killed :subject :brutus :object :caesar :location :forum :date april}]
|
{:caesar [{:verb :killed :subject :brutus :object :caesar :location :forum :date april}]
|
||||||
:brutus [{:verb :killed :subject :brutus :object :caesar :location :forum :date april}]
|
:brutus [{:verb :killed :subject :brutus :object :caesar :location :forum :date april}]
|
||||||
:forum [{:verb :killed :subject :brutus :object :caesar :location :forum :date april}]})
|
:forum [{:verb :killed :subject :brutus :object :caesar :location :forum :date april}]})
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1,22 +1,11 @@
|
||||||
(ns wildwood.dengine
|
(ns wildwood.dengine.engine
|
||||||
"An implementation of the DTree engine adapted to `wildwood.schema` propositions."
|
"An implementation of the DTree engine adapted to `wildwood.schema` propositions."
|
||||||
(:require [wildwood.knowledge-accessor :refer [Accessor]]
|
(:require [wildwood.knowledge-accessor :refer [Accessor]]
|
||||||
[wildwood.schema :refer [proposition?]]))
|
[wildwood.schema :refer [proposition?]]))
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
(defn node?
|
|
||||||
"Return `true` if this `o` is recognisable as a dtree node, else `false`."
|
|
||||||
;; TODO: implement
|
|
||||||
false)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
(defn colour
|
|
||||||
"If this `node` is a valid dtree node, return its colour."
|
|
||||||
[node]
|
|
||||||
;; TODO: implement
|
|
||||||
false)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
(defn decide
|
(defn decide
|
||||||
"Decide the truth value of this `proposition`, using the dtree rooted at
|
"Decide the truth value of this `proposition`, using the dtree rooted at
|
||||||
this `node` and knowledge provided by this accessor."
|
this `node` and knowledge provided by this `accessor`."
|
||||||
;; how is explanation returned in this schema? We need a richer return value
|
;; how is explanation returned in this schema? We need a richer return value
|
||||||
;; than just a truth value.
|
;; than just a truth value.
|
||||||
[proposition node accessor]
|
[proposition node accessor]
|
||||||
15
src/wildwood/dengine/node.clj
Normal file
15
src/wildwood/dengine/node.clj
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||||
|
(ns wildwood.dengine.engine
|
||||||
|
"A dtree node.")
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
(defn node?
|
||||||
|
"Return `true` if this `o` is recognisable as a dtree node, else `false`."
|
||||||
|
;; TODO: implement
|
||||||
|
[o]
|
||||||
|
false)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
(defn colour
|
||||||
|
"If this `node` is a valid dtree node, return its colour."
|
||||||
|
[node]
|
||||||
|
;; TODO: implement
|
||||||
|
false)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -17,43 +17,133 @@
|
||||||
representations used for the values of these keys does not
|
representations used for the values of these keys does not
|
||||||
matter, it is consensual between all participating advocates in a
|
matter, it is consensual between all participating advocates in a
|
||||||
decision process."
|
decision process."
|
||||||
#{:time ;; a representation of time - which should have a canonical ordering
|
#{:time ;; a representation of time - which should have a canonical ordering;
|
||||||
:location ;; a representation of place - which may have concepts of proximity
|
:location ;; a representation of place - which may have concepts of proximity;
|
||||||
|
:truth ;; if present and value `false`, negates the proposition;
|
||||||
|
:data ;; an argument structure...!
|
||||||
})
|
})
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
(def argument-keys
|
||||||
|
"Every argument is a proposition, which additionally has these keys."
|
||||||
|
#{:confidence ;; how sure am I? A value, perhaps, in the range -1 to 1, although conventionally if less than 1 we probably set the `:truth` value to false;
|
||||||
|
:authority ;; id of agent from whom, or rule from which, I know this.
|
||||||
|
})
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
;; (argument-keys :authority)
|
||||||
|
;; (argument-keys :data)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
(defn proposition?
|
(defn proposition?
|
||||||
"True if `o` qualifies as a proposition. A proposition is probably a map
|
"True if `o` qualifies as a proposition. A proposition is probably a map
|
||||||
with some privileged keys, and may look something like a minimised
|
with some privileged keys, and may look something like a minimised
|
||||||
`the-great-game.gossip.news-items` item. In particular, a proposition must
|
`the-great-game.gossip.news-items` item.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
If `minimised` is passed and is `true`, then the proposition must
|
||||||
be minimised - that is to say, the values of keys in a proposition map may
|
be minimised - that is to say, the values of keys in a proposition map may
|
||||||
not themselves be keys. Where the value of a key represents an object in the
|
not themselves be keys. Where the value of a key represents an object in the
|
||||||
world, that value must be simply the `id` of the object, not a richer
|
world, that value must be simply the `id` of the object, not a richer
|
||||||
representation."
|
representation."
|
||||||
;; TODO: write this.
|
([o]
|
||||||
[o]
|
|
||||||
(and
|
(and
|
||||||
(map? o)
|
(map? o)
|
||||||
(not (some map? (vals o)))
|
|
||||||
(every? #(o %) required-keys)))
|
(every? #(o %) required-keys)))
|
||||||
|
([o minimised]
|
||||||
|
(and
|
||||||
|
(proposition? o))
|
||||||
|
(not
|
||||||
|
(when
|
||||||
|
(true? minimised)
|
||||||
|
;; not good enough. An argument is a proposition even if its argument-keys
|
||||||
|
;; are not minimised (indeed, they should not be). TODO: fix.
|
||||||
|
(some map? (vals o))))))
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
;; (proposition? {:verb :killed :subject :brutus :object :caesar}) ;; true
|
||||||
|
;; (proposition? {:verb :killed :subject :brutus :object :caesar} true) ;; true
|
||||||
|
;; (proposition? {:verb :killed :subject :brutus :object :caesar :truth false}) ;; true
|
||||||
|
;; (proposition? {:verb :killed :subject :brutus}) ;; false: no :object key
|
||||||
|
;; (proposition? {:verb :killed
|
||||||
|
;; :subject {:id :brutus :name "Marcus Brutus"}
|
||||||
|
;; :object {:id :caesar
|
||||||
|
;; :name "Gaius Julius Caesar"
|
||||||
|
;; :wife :drusila}}) ;; true, although not minimised
|
||||||
|
;; (proposition? {:verb :killed
|
||||||
|
;; :subject {:id :brutus :name "Marcus Brutus"}
|
||||||
|
;; :object {:id :caesar
|
||||||
|
;; :name "Gaius Julius Caesar"
|
||||||
|
;; :wife :drusila}} true) ;; false, because minimisation was required
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
(defn truth
|
||||||
|
"If `p` is a proposition, return whether the value asserted by that
|
||||||
|
proposition is `true`. If the `:truth` key is missing, `true` is
|
||||||
|
assumed."
|
||||||
|
;; TODO: for orthogonality, this might be renamed `decide`.
|
||||||
|
[p]
|
||||||
|
(if
|
||||||
|
(proposition? p)
|
||||||
|
(if
|
||||||
|
(false? (:truth p))
|
||||||
|
false
|
||||||
|
true)
|
||||||
|
nil))
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
;; (truth {:verb :killed :subject :brutus :object :caesar})
|
||||||
|
;; (truth {:verb :killed :subject :brutus :object :caesar :truth true})
|
||||||
|
;; (truth {:verb :killed :subject :brutus :object :caesar :truth false})
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
(defn rule?
|
(defn rule?
|
||||||
"True if `o` qualifies as a rule. A rule is should be function of one
|
"True if `o` qualifies as a rule. A rule is a structure which comprises
|
||||||
argument, and should (if this can simply be checked) return a truth value,
|
* an id and
|
||||||
where truth value is one of `true`, `false` or `nil`."
|
* a function of two arguments, a proposition and a knowledge accessor,
|
||||||
|
and which should (if this can simply be checked) return an argument
|
||||||
|
structure."
|
||||||
[o]
|
[o]
|
||||||
;; TODO: write this
|
;; TODO: write this. In practice it may be simpler if we defprotocol or
|
||||||
|
;; defrecord a rule structure.
|
||||||
false)
|
false)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
(defn argument?
|
(defn argument?
|
||||||
"True if `o` qualifies as an argument structure.
|
"True if `o` qualifies as an argument structure.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I don't yet fully know what an argument looks like,
|
An argument structure is a (potentially rich proposition which, in addition, should have values
|
||||||
but it is probably conceptually very like a recursive Toulmin structure,
|
for `:confidence` and `:authority`. A value for `:data` may, and probably will,
|
||||||
or else a list each of whose elements comprises a map with keys :
|
also be present but is not required."
|
||||||
* :vote - `true`, `false` or `nil`;
|
|
||||||
* :move - a keyword representing one of the valid moves in the game;
|
|
||||||
* :agent - something identifying the agent which made the move;
|
|
||||||
* :argument - a Toulmin structure."
|
|
||||||
[o]
|
[o]
|
||||||
;; TODO: write this.
|
(and
|
||||||
false)
|
(proposition? o)
|
||||||
|
(every? #(o %) argument-keys)))
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
;; (argument? {:verb :killed :subject :brutus :object :caesar}) ;; false, lacks :confidence, :authority
|
||||||
|
;; (argument? {:verb :killed :subject :brutus :object :caesar :confidence 0.7 :authority :falco}) ;; true
|
||||||
|
;; (argument? {:verb :killed
|
||||||
|
;; :subject {:id :brutus :name "Marcus Brutus"}
|
||||||
|
;; :object {:id :caesar :name "Gaius Julius Caesar" :wife :drusila}
|
||||||
|
;; :confidence 1
|
||||||
|
;; :authority :brutus}) ;; true
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
(defn minimise
|
||||||
|
"Expecting that `o` is a (potentially rich) proposition, return a map identical
|
||||||
|
to `o` save that for each value `v` of key `k` in `o`, if `v` is a map and `k`
|
||||||
|
is not a member of `argument-keys`, then the returned map shall substitute the
|
||||||
|
value of `(:id v)`.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
see also `wildwood.knowledge-access/maximise`."
|
||||||
|
[o]
|
||||||
|
(if
|
||||||
|
(map? o)
|
||||||
|
(reduce
|
||||||
|
merge
|
||||||
|
{}
|
||||||
|
(map
|
||||||
|
(fn [k]
|
||||||
|
{k
|
||||||
|
(let [v (k o)]
|
||||||
|
(if
|
||||||
|
(and (not (argument-keys k)) (map? v))
|
||||||
|
(:id v)
|
||||||
|
v))})
|
||||||
|
(keys o)))
|
||||||
|
o))
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
;; (proposition?
|
||||||
|
;; (minimise {:verb :killed
|
||||||
|
;; :subject {:id :brutus :name "Marcus Brutus"}
|
||||||
|
;; :object {:id :caesar :name "Gaius Julius Caesar" :wife :drusila}}))
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue