Finished - for now - the chapter on Arboretum
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doc/Arboretum.md
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doc/Arboretum.md
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@ -100,11 +100,7 @@ downwards, and, when connecting different colours, as meaning 'unless'.
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Thus the most basic structure is "hypothesis is false unless condition
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Thus the most basic structure is "hypothesis is false unless condition
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is true":
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is true":
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Basic DTree
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Hypothesis -
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Condition +
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fig 3: simplest possible rule Conjunctions are represented by columns of
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fig 3: simplest possible rule Conjunctions are represented by columns of
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nodes, only the last of which has the colour to be returned if all are
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nodes, only the last of which has the colour to be returned if all are
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@ -113,17 +109,7 @@ colour to be returned if any are true. These can be combined in any
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fashion desired, although we consider it good practise to keep
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fashion desired, although we consider it good practise to keep
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individual rule structures small. This is shown in the figure below:
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individual rule structures small. This is shown in the figure below:
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Example DTree
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Root Node -
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1st Conjunct -
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2nd Conjunct +
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1st Disjunct -
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2nd Disjunct -
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fig 4: example rule, showing syntax The rule would read: "(rootnode) is
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fig 4: example rule, showing syntax The rule would read: "(rootnode) is
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false unless (first conjunct) is true and (second conjunct) is true, in
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false unless (first conjunct) is true and (second conjunct) is true, in
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@ -137,7 +123,7 @@ any way that affects the underlying ideas.
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A feature has the properties:
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A feature has the properties:
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(methods DTreeRootnode default activeFlg)
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<methods DTreeRootnode default activeFlg>
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where methods is the list of
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where methods is the list of
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methods that the feature applies to see if it holds of the given object,
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methods that the feature applies to see if it holds of the given object,
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@ -156,7 +142,7 @@ just the list (DoTree Default) and describe the algorithms accordingly.
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A DTree for a feature is a list of nodes. A node has the properties:
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A DTree for a feature is a list of nodes. A node has the properties:
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(feature, colour, children, parent)
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<feature, colour, children, parent>
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Feature points to a feature of the
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Feature points to a feature of the
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system, colour is either Yes or No, children point to successor nodes of
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system, colour is either Yes or No, children point to successor nodes of
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@ -244,6 +230,8 @@ did not) when that node was conceived as the only sticking node. The
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structure of the system itself then ensured that in the final text, the
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structure of the system itself then ensured that in the final text, the
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fragment would follow sensibly from the preceding one.
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fragment would follow sensibly from the preceding one.
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This is described in more detail, with worked examples, below.
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We discussed and experimented with several algorithms for the recovery
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We discussed and experimented with several algorithms for the recovery
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of explanations. The one we used worked as follows: when a search
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of explanations. The one we used worked as follows: when a search
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resulted in a 'no' decision (ineligible for a benefit) then we
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resulted in a 'no' decision (ineligible for a benefit) then we
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@ -272,31 +260,11 @@ To provide a small worked example of an explanation generated by the
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system, which is yet large enough to give some flavour, let us assume
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system, which is yet large enough to give some flavour, let us assume
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our knowledge base contains the following rules:
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our knowledge base contains the following rules:
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DTree for Entitled to Widow's Allowance
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Entitled to Widov's Allowance -
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Satisfies conditions for Widoy's Allowance +
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>26 Yeeks Killed husband - Dead - bereaved -
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-
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in prison - Levering with
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in prison - Living Yith
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Partner -
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fig 1: Rule for "Entitled to Widow's Allowance"
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fig 1: Rule for "Entitled to Widow's Allowance"
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DTree for Living with Partner
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Living with Partner -
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Remarried +
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Cohabiting +
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fig 2: rule for "Living with Partner"
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fig 2: rule for "Living with Partner"
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@ -374,15 +342,101 @@ that she had not, in fact remarried.
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## Explanation: a discussion
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## Explanation: a discussion
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{\*\* Write something (preferably rather a lot) here \*\*}
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### Writing explanation fragments
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This ability to abstract relevant information from an inference engine's
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Arboretum's explanation fragments are canned text written by the knowledge
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engineer in constructing the rule system. However, because of the way they
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are concatenated, they are extremely easy to write. Each is basically just
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a declarative sentence saying, in natural language
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<name of feature at root node> is <colour of this node> because
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<name of feature at this node> is true and none of
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<names of features of children of this node> are true.
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Thus, for the `Remarried -` node referenced above, the automatically
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generated canned text - had we automatically generated the text, which
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we did not - would have been
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> Living with partner is true because remarried is true.
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which would probably have been good enough. However, because texts are
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concatenated from the sticking nodes of the successive trees, we know that
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the previous sentence will have ended with some natural language expression
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of the proposition
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> Living with partner is true.
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Thus, provided we know that the tree for which we are writing the node texts
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is not the top level tree in the decision system, we can avoid rewriting this
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proposition. So the declarative sentence becomes simply
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<name of feature at this node> is true and none of
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<names of features of children of this node> are true.
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But in this instance there are no children of the node `Remarried +`, so this
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reduces to
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<name of feature at this node> is true
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The actual, manually written text used in the system, as stated above, was
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> We understand that you have remarried.
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As you can see, this sentence is a polite and understandable representation
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of the proposition
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Remarried is true
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Thus, the claim I am making here - but mildly, it's not a strong claim - is
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that even without hand written canned texts, the conceptual
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design of the DTree engine would allow the automatic construction
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of perfectly usable explanations.
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Arboretum was the first deliverable system from the Alvey DHSS Large
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Demonstrator project actually to be delivered, and, I think, of the systems
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the project did deliver, the most polished and most functional, if not the
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most ambitious. However, it was not intended that the systems built by the
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project would actually be put into front line use, and indeed none ever were.
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Nevertheless, in designing the system, we took very seriously the idea of how
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an adjudication officer would use such a system in the real world. It's
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important for the officer to explain clearly to a claimant why a claim has
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been disallowed, in language the claimant will understand. Thus, manually
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written fragments made for much less stilted English, and produced a
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plausible verisimilitude of an entirely personal letter.
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As one of the problems that the DHSS was experiencing at the time was appeals
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made because the claimant had not understood the reasons for a decision not
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to award benefit, these very simple, clear, apparently-personal letters seemed
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to us a significant feature in the potential usability of the system.
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### Relevance filtering
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This brings us to the question of how Arboretum managed relevance filtering.
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The answer, as the intelligent reader will already have spotted, is that we
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did not. Relevance fell fortuitously out of the process of evaluation. The
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deepest sticking node on each tree on the path to the final decision
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represents the 'interesting' reason to refuse, within the context of that
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tree; the concatenation of the 'interesting' reason to refuse from the
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successive trees along the path constructed the argument from the general
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to the particular which is precisely a good explanation of a decision.
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What's interesting about this was that in our later experience with
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[KnacqTools](KnacqTools.html), which was essentially a commercialised
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reimplementation of Arboretum on less illustrious hardware, we found that
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this explanation algorithm, designed to assist adjudication officers, provided
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explanations which were welcomed as clear and understandable in domains as
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diverse as industrial process control and the diagnosis of fish diseases.
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## Conclusion
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Arboretum's ability to abstract relevant information from an inference engine's
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backtrace represents a partial solution to the problem described in the
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backtrace represents a partial solution to the problem described in the
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preceding chapters.
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preceding chapters.
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## References:
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## References:
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3\. Xerox Corporation: InterLisp Reference Manual ( Xerox Corporation,
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3\. Xerox Corporation: InterLisp Reference Manual (Xerox Corporation,
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1985)
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1985)
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4\. Daniel Bobrow & Mark Stefik: The LOOPS Manual (Xerox Corporation,
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4\. Daniel Bobrow & Mark Stefik: The LOOPS Manual (Xerox Corporation,
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After Width: | Height: | Size: 8.8 KiB |
145
docs/img/example-dtree.svg
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145
docs/img/example-dtree.svg
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sodipodi:role="line"
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id="tspan877"
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x="7.9375"
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y="287.73959"
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|
style="stroke-width:0.26458332px">1st Disjunct -</tspan></text>
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<text
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xml:space="preserve"
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style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:2.82222223px;line-height:125%;font-family:'Liberation Sans';-inkscape-font-specification:'Liberation Sans';text-align:start;letter-spacing:0px;word-spacing:0px;writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:0.26458332px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1"
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x="50.270832"
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y="287.73959"
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id="text883"><tspan
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sodipodi:role="line"
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id="tspan881"
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x="50.270832"
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y="287.73959"
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style="stroke-width:0.26458332px">2nd Disjunct -</tspan></text>
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After Width: | Height: | Size: 6.6 KiB |
89
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<svg
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xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#"
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xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
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xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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xmlns:sodipodi="http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd"
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xmlns:inkscape="http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape"
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width="52mm"
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height="37mm"
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viewBox="0 0 52 37"
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inkscape:cx="169.57926"
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inkscape:cy="113.35562"
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inkscape:document-units="mm"
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showguides="false"
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inkscape:window-width="1920"
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inkscape:window-height="1016"
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inkscape:window-x="0"
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inkscape:window-y="27"
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inkscape:window-maximized="1">
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<inkscape:grid
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<metadata
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<rdf:RDF>
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<cc:Work
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rdf:about="">
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|
<dc:format>image/svg+xml</dc:format>
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|
<dc:type
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|
rdf:resource="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" />
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|
<dc:title></dc:title>
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|
</cc:Work>
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</rdf:RDF>
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</metadata>
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<g
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inkscape:label="Layer 1"
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inkscape:groupmode="layer"
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<text
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|
xml:space="preserve"
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style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:2.82222223px;line-height:125%;font-family:'Liberation Sans';-inkscape-font-specification:'Liberation Sans';text-align:start;letter-spacing:0px;word-spacing:0px;writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:0.26458332px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1"
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id="text819"><tspan
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sodipodi:role="line"
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id="tspan817"
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|
x="13.28808"
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|
y="269.21875"
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|
style="font-size:4.23333311px;stroke-width:0.26458332px">Hypothesis -</tspan></text>
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|
<text
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|
xml:space="preserve"
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style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:2.82222223px;line-height:125%;font-family:'Liberation Sans';-inkscape-font-specification:'Liberation Sans';text-align:start;letter-spacing:0px;word-spacing:0px;writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:0.26458332px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1"
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|
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id="text823"><tspan
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|
sodipodi:role="line"
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|
id="tspan821"
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|
x="14.358816"
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|
y="287.48578"
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|
style="font-size:4.23333311px;stroke-width:0.26458332px">Condition +</tspan></text>
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|
<path
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|
style="fill:none;fill-rule:evenodd;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.26458332px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1"
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|
d="m 25.135417,270.54167 v 13.22917"
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|
id="path825"
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</g>
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|
</svg>
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|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 3.4 KiB |
Loading…
Reference in a new issue