On the subtext of a predicate ----------------------------- Predicates are not atomic. They do not come single spies, but freighted with battalions of inferable subtexts. Suppose Anthony says Brutus killed Caesar in Rome during the ides of March I learn more than just that 'Brutus killed Caesar in Rome during the ides of March'. I also learn that - Brutus is a killer - Caesar has been killed - Rome is a place where killings happen - The ides of March are a time to be extra cautious Suppose Drusilla now says E killed Caesar in Rome during the ides of March this casts doubt on Anthony's primary claim, and on the belief that Brutus is a killer; but it reinforces the beliefs that - Caesar has been killed - Rome is a place where killings happen - The ides of March are a time to be extra cautious. If Falco then says No, I heard from Gaius that it happened in April the beliefs that - Caesar has been killed - Rome is a place where killings happen are still further strengthened. In proposing a formalism to express predicates, we need to consider how it allows this freight to be unpacked.